History of England - Wikipedia. England became inhabited more than 8. Happisburgh in Norfolk has revealed.[1] The earliest evidence for early modern humans in North West Europe, a jawbone discovered in Devon at Kents Cavern in 1. Continuous human habitation in England dates to around 1. Creswellian), at the end of the last glacial period. The region has numerous remains from the Mesolithic, Neolithic, and Bronze Age, such as Stonehenge and Avebury. In the Iron Age, England, like all of Britain south of the Firth of Forth, was inhabited by the Celtic people known as the Britons, including some Belgic tribes (e. Atrebates, the Catuvellauni, the Trinovantes, etc.) in the south east. In AD 4. 3 the Roman conquest of Britain began; the Romans maintained control of their province of Britannia until the early 5th century. The end of Roman rule in Britain facilitated the Anglo- Saxon settlement of Britain, which historians often regard as the origin of England and of the English people. The Anglo- Saxons, a collection of various Germanic peoples, established several kingdoms that became the primary powers in present- day England and parts of southern Scotland.[3] They introduced the Old English language, which largely displaced the previous British language. The Anglo- Saxons warred with British successor states in Wales, Cornwall, and the Hen Ogledd (Old North; the Brythonic- speaking parts of northern England and southern Scotland), as well as with each other. Raids by Vikings became frequent after about AD 8. Caesar Iv Completo Download Portuguese MoviesNorsemen settled in large parts of what is now England. During this period, several rulers attempted to unite the various Anglo- Saxon kingdoms, an effort that led to the emergence of the Kingdom of England by the 1. In 1. 06. 6, a Norman expedition invaded and conquered England. The Norman Dynasty established by William the Conqueror ruled England for over half a century before the period of succession crisis known as the Anarchy (1. 웹 해킹 - 웹 페이지 관련 구성 파일 이름목록 웹 해킹 / Security_Study.
Following the Anarchy, England came under the rule of the House of Plantagenet, a dynasty which later inherited claims to the Kingdom of France.During this period, the Magna Carta was signed.A succession crisis in France led to the Hundred Years' War (1.Following the Hundred Years' Wars, England became embroiled in its own succession wars.The Wars of the Roses pitted two branches of the House of Plantagenet against one another, the House of York and the House of Lancaster. Bach Cello Suites For Viola Peters Edition Sheet . The Lancastrian Henry Tudor ended the War of the Roses and established the Tudor dynasty in 1. Under the Tudors and the later Stuart dynasty, England became a colonial power. During the rule of the Stuarts, the English Civil War took place between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists, which resulted in the execution of King Charles I (1. Parliamentary republic known as the Commonwealth of England (1. Oliver Cromwell known as The Protectorate (1. The Stuarts returned to the restored throne in 1. Stuart king, James II, in the Glorious Revolution (1. England, which had conquered Wales in the 1. Scotland in 1. 70. Great Britain.[4][5][6] Following the Industrial Revolution, Great Britain ruled a colonial Empire, the largest in recorded history. Following a process of decolonisation in the 2. Great Britain's power in the two World Wars, almost all of the empire's overseas territories became independent countries. However, as of 2. Prehistory[edit]Stone Age[edit]Stonehenge, erected in several stages from c. BCThe time from Britain's first inhabitation until the last glacial maximum is known as the Old Stone Age, or Palaeolithic. Archaeological evidence indicates that what was to become England was colonised by humans long before the rest of the British Isles because of its more hospitable climate between and during the various glacial periods of the distant past. This earliest evidence, from Happisburgh in Norfolk, includes the oldest human footprints found outside Africa and points to dates of more than 8. BP.[1] These earliest inhabitants were hunter- gatherers, who survived by hunting game and gathering edible plants. Low sea- levels meant that Britain was still attached to the continent for much of this earliest period of history, and varying temperatures over tens of thousands of years meant that it was not always inhabited.[7]The last Ice Age ended around 1. BC, and England has been inhabited ever since. This marks the beginning of the Middle Stone Age, or Mesolithic. Rising sea- levels cut Britain off from the continent for the last time around 6. BC. The population by this period were exclusively of our own species of the genus. Homo, Homo sapiens sapiens, and the evidence would suggest that their societies were increasingly complex and they were manipulating their environment and their prey in new ways, possibly selective burning of the then omnipresent woodland to create clearings where the herds would gather to make them easier to hunt. Simple projectile weapons would have been the main tools of the hunt, such as the javelin and possibly the sling. The bow and arrow was also known in Western Europe from at least 9. BC. The climate continued to improve and it is likely the population was on the rise.[8]The New Stone Age, or Neolithic, begins with the introduction of farming, ultimately from the Middle East, around 4.BC. It is not known whether this was caused by a substantial folk movement or native adoption of foreign practices, nor are these two models mutually exclusive.People began to cultivate crops and rear animals, and overall lead a more settled lifestyle.Monumental collective tombs were built to house the dead in the form of chambered cairns and long barrows, and towards the end of the period other kinds of monumental stone alignments begin to appear, such as Stonehenge, their cosmic alignments betraying a preoccupation with the sky and planets. . Flint technology also developed, producing a number of highly artistic pieces as well as purely pragmatic. More extensive woodland clearance took place to make way for fields and pastures. The Sweet Track in the Somerset Levels is one of the oldest timber trackways discovered in Northern Europe and among the oldest roads in the world, dated by dendrochronology to the winter of 3. BC; it too is thought to have been a primarily religious structure.[7]Later Prehistory[edit]The Bronze Age begins around 2. BC with the first appearance of bronze objects in the archaeological record. This coincides with the appearance of the characteristic Beaker culture; again it is unknown whether this was brought about primarily by folk movement or by cultural assimilation, and again it may be a mixture of both. The Bronze Age sees a shift of emphasis from the communal to the individual, and the rise to prominence of increasingly powerful elites, whose power was enshrined in the control of the flow of precious resources, to manipulate tin and copper into high- status bronze objects such as swords and axes, and their prowess as hunters and warriors. Settlement became increasingly permanent and intensive. Towards the end of the period, numerous examples of extremely fine metalwork begin to be found deposited in rivers, presumably for ritual reasons and perhaps reflecting a progressive shift of emphasis away from the sky and back to the earth, as a rising population increasingly put the land under greater pressure. England largely also becomes in this period bound up with the Atlantic trade system, which created something of a cultural continuum over a large part of Western Europe.[9] It is possible that the Celtic languages developed or spread to England as part of this system; by the end of the Iron Age at the very least there is ample evidence that they were spoken across the whole of England, as well as the Western parts of Britain.[1. The Iron Age is conventionally said to begin around 8. BC. The Atlantic system had by this time effectively collapsed, although England maintained contacts across the Channel with France, as the Hallstatt culture became widespread across the country. The overall picture of continuity suggests this was not accompanied by any substantial movement of population; crucially, only a single Hallstatt burial is known from Britain, and even here the evidence is inconclusive. On the whole burials largely disappear across England, the dead being disposed of in a way which is archaeologically invisible: excarnation is a widely cited possibility.
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